The surrounding world is a hierarchical system. Open lesson on informatics "The world around as a hierarchical system" (9th grade)

We live in the macrocosm. i.e. in the world, which consists of objects comparable in size to a person. Usually, macroobjects are divided into inanimate (stone, ice floe, log, etc.), living (plants, animals, people) and artificial (buildings, vehicles, machines and mechanisms, computers, etc.). Macroobjects consist of molecules and atoms, which, in turn, consist of elementary particles, the dimensions of which are extremely small. This world is called the microworld. We live on the planet Earth, which is part of the solar system, the Sun, along with hundreds of millions of other stars, forms our Milky Way galaxy, and billions of galaxies form the Universe. All these objects are of enormous size and form a mega world. The whole variety of objects of the mega-, macro- and microworld consists of matter, while all material objects interact with each other and therefore have energy. A body raised above the earth's surface has mechanical energy, a heated kettle has thermal energy, a charged conductor has electrical energy, and the nuclei of atoms have atomic energy. The world can be represented as a hierarchical series of objects: elementary particles, atoms, molecules, macrobodies, stars and galaxies. At the same time, at the levels of molecules and macrobodies, a branch is formed in this hierarchical series - another series associated with living nature. In wildlife, there is also a hierarchy: unicellular - plants and animals - animal populations. The pinnacle of the evolution of life on Earth is a person who cannot live outside of society. Each person individually and society as a whole study the world around them and accumulate knowledge, on the basis of which artificial objects are created. All of the above can be displayed in the form of a diagram.

Each object consists of other objects, that is, it is a system. At the same time, each object can be included as an element in a system of a higher structural level. Whether an object is a system or an element of the system depends on the point of view (research objectives). At the same time, the hydrogen atom is included in the water molecule, i.e., it is an element of a higher hydrogen system and a molecule of the structural level.

In the world of material systems, there are certain hierarchies - ordered sequences of subordination and complication. They serve as the empirical basis of systemology. All the diversity of our world can be represented as successively emerging hierarchies.

This is a natural, physical-chemical-biological (PCB) hierarchy and a socio-technical hierarchy (ST) that arose on its basis. Combining systems from different hierarchies leads to "mixed" classes of systems. Thus, the combination of systems from the physico-chemical part of the hierarchy (PC - "environment") with living systems of the biological part of the hierarchy (B - "biota") leads to a mixed class of systems called ecological. Combining systems from the hierarchies B, C (“man”) and T (“technology”) leads to a class of economic, or technical and economic, systems.

The natural hierarchy - from elementary particles to the modern biosphere - reflects the evolution of matter. An offshoot of the ST (Sociotechnical Hierarchy) is very recent and short-lived on a universal timescale, but has a strong impact on the entire supersystem. Schematically indicates the impact of human society on nature, mediated by technology and technology (technogenesis). The holistic approach mentioned earlier assumes the consideration of the totality of these hierarchies as a single system.

Classification of systems can be carried out according to various criteria. The main grouping is in three categories: natural science, technical and socio-economic. In natural (biological) systems, the place and functions of each element, their interaction and interconnection are predetermined by nature, and the improvement of this organization occurs according to the laws of evolution. In technical systems, the place and functions of each mechanism, unit and detail are predetermined by the designer (technologist), who improves it during operation. In socio-economic systems, the place, functions and interconnection of elements are predetermined by the manager (manager), they are corrected and supported by him.

Depending on the problem being solved, different classification principles can be chosen.

Systems can be classified as follows:

Material and iconic;

Simple and complex;

natural and artificial;

Active and passive;

Open and closed;

Deterministic (hard) and stochastic (soft).

Objectively real material systems are usually defined as a set of objects united by some form of regular interaction or interdependence to perform a given function (railway, factory, etc.).

Among the systems created by man, there are also abstract, symbolic, purely informational systems that are the product of knowledge - conceivable, ideal and model systems. Their elements are not things, but concepts, entities, interacting arrays and information flows: for example, a system of mathematical equations; system of Euclid's axioms; set system; logical systems; system of chemical elements; the legal system of codes, the system of power, the system of company goals, the rules of the road, etc.; and, of course, the Internet.

As a rule, organizations as systems (for example, business organizations and social organizations) are specific material systems, but in their functions and behavior they contain some properties of abstract systems - systems of instructions, rules, regulations, laws, accounting, accounts, etc.

As a basis for the classification of systems by complexity, different authors take various features: the size of the system, the number of connections, the complexity of the system's behavior. In our opinion, the division into simple and complex systems should occur on the basis of the presence of a goal and the complexity of a given function.

Simple systems that do not have a purpose and external action (atom, molecule, crystal, mechanically connected bodies, clockwork, thermostat, etc.) are non-living systems. Complex systems that have a purpose and "perform a given function" are living systems, or systems created by the living: a virus, a bacterium, a nervous system, a multicellular organism, a community of organisms, an ecological system, a biosphere, a person and material systems created by a person - mechanisms , machines, computers, the Internet, industrial complexes, economic systems, the global technosphere and, of course, various organizations.

Unlike simple systems, complex systems are capable of acts of search, selection, and active decision. In addition, they necessarily have a memory. All these are concrete material systems. They consist of (or include a number of) material elements. If the interactions between elements are in the nature of forces or transfers of matter, energy and information and can change in time, we are dealing with dynamic systems. They perform functions related to the external environment - the function of protecting against the environment or work to optimize the environment, at least one external function - the function of self-preservation.

An open system interacts significantly with other systems to achieve its goals. The concept of an open system was introduced by L. von Bertalanffy. Open systems are able to exchange matter, energy and information with the external environment, closed systems lack this ability. Any socio-economic system belongs to the class of open dynamic systems. It is to open dynamical systems that the concept of self-organization is applicable.

They try to classify systems according to the degree of their organization, implying structuredness (well structured, poorly structured, unstructured). Later, a simpler classification was proposed: well-organized and poorly organized, or diffuse, systems; even later, when a class of self-organizing systems appeared, their division into self-regulating, self-learning, self-adjusting, self-adapting systems appeared accordingly. But all these classifications are rather conditional.

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We live in the macroworld, that is, in a world that consists of objects comparable in size to a person. Usually, macroobjects are divided into inanimate (stone, ice floe, etc.), living (plants, animals, the person himself) and artificial (buildings, means of transport, machine tools and mechanisms, computers, etc.). Macroworld. Gulliver in the Land of the Lilliputians

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Macroobjects consist of molecules and atoms, which, in turn, consist of elementary particles, the dimensions of which are extremely small. This world is called the microworld Microworld. Hydrogen atom and water molecule.

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We live on the planet Earth, which is part of the solar system, the Sun, along with hundreds of millions of other stars, forms our Milky Way galaxy, and billions of galaxies form the Universe. All these objects are of enormous size and form the megaworld Megaworld. solar system

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Galaxy Stars and planets Macrobodies Molecules Atoms Elementary particles Population Plants and animals Unicellular Man Knowledge society Artificial objects (technology)

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Water molecule H a hydrogen atom can be considered as a system, since it consists of a positively charged proton and a negatively charged electron. At the same time, the hydrogen atom is included in the water molecule, i.e., it is an element of a system of higher hydrogen and a molecule of the structural level

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Separate objects (devices) an integral system (computer) if one of the computer devices (for example, a processor) is removed, the computer will fail, i.e., it will cease to exist as a system

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Properties of the system

Each system has certain properties, which, first of all, depend on the set of its constituent elements. Thus, the properties of chemical elements depend on the structure of their atoms. The properties of the system also depend on the structure of the system, that is, on the type of relations and connections between the elements of the system. If systems consist of the same elements, but have different structures, then their properties can differ significantly.

We live in the macrocosmi.e., in a world that consists of objects comparable in size to a person. Usually, macroobjects are divided into inanimate (stone, ice floe, log, etc.), living (plants, animals, people) and artificial (buildings, vehicles, machines and mechanisms, computers, etc.). Macroobjects consist of molecules and atoms, which, in turn, consist of elementary particles, the dimensions of which are extremely small. This world is calledmicrocosm.We live on the planet Earth, which is part of the solar system, the Sun, along with hundreds of millions of other stars, forms our Milky Way galaxy, and billions of galaxies form the Universe. All these objects are huge and formmegaworld.The whole variety of objects of the mega-, macro- and microworld consists of matter, while all material objects interact with each other and therefore have energy . A body raised above the earth's surface has mechanical energy, a heated kettle has thermal energy, a charged conductor has electrical energy, and the nuclei of atoms have atomic energy. The surrounding world can be represented as a hierarchical series of objects: elementary particles, atoms, molecules, macrobodies, stars and galaxies. At the same time, at the levels of molecules and macrobodies, a branch is formed in this hierarchical series - another series associated with living nature. In wildlife, there is also a hierarchy: unicellular - plants and animals - animal populations. The pinnacle of the evolution of life on Earth is a person who cannot live outside of society. Each person individually and society as a whole study the world around them and accumulate knowledge, on the basis of which artificial objects are created.

Microworld- these are molecules, atoms, elementary particles - the world of extremely small, not directly observable micro-objects, the spatial diversity of which is calculated from 10-8 to 10-16 cm, and the lifetime - from infinity to 10-24 s.

Macroworld- the world of stable forms and values ​​commensurate with a person, as well as crystalline complexes of molecules, organisms, communities of organisms; the world of macroobjects, the dimension of which is comparable with the scale of human experience: spatial quantities are expressed in millimeters, centimeters and kilometers, and time - in seconds, minutes, hours, years.

Megaworld- these are planets, star complexes, galaxies, metagalaxies - a world of huge cosmic scales and speeds, the distance in which is measured in light years, and the lifetime of space objects - in millions and billions of years.

Systems and elements.Each object consists of other objects, that is, it is a system. At the same time, each object can be included as an element in a system of a higher structural level. Whether an object is a system or an element of the system depends on the point of view (research objectives).Systemconsists of objects calledelements of the system.For example, a hydrogen atom can be considered as a system, since it consists of a positively charged proton and a negatively charged electron.

System integrity.

A necessary condition for the existence of the system is its holistic functioning . The system is not a set of individual objects, but a collection of interrelated elements. For example, if you put together the devices that make up a computer (processor, RAM modules, system board, hard drive, case, monitor, keyboard, and mouse), they do not form a system. A computer, i.e. a holistically functioning system, is formed only after the devices are physically connected to each other, the power is turned on and the operating system is loaded

If at least one element is removed from the system, then it may cease to function. So, if you remove one of the computer devices (for example, the processor), the computer will fail, that is, it will cease to exist as a system. The interconnection of elements in systems can have a different nature. In inanimate nature, the interconnection of elements is carried out with the help of physical interactions:

• in mega-world systems (for example, in solar system) the elements interact with each other through the forces of universal gravitation;
• in macrobodies there is an electromagnetic interaction between atoms;
• in atoms elementary particles are bound by nuclear and electromagnetic interactions.

In wildlife, the integrity of organisms is ensured by chemical interactions between cells, in society - by social ties and relationships between people, in technology - by functional connections between devices, etc.

Systems and their properties.

Translated from Greek, the word "system" means "connection, a whole made up of parts." These parts, or elements, are in unity, within which they are ordered in a certain way, interconnected, and have one or another effect on each other.

Management also has the property of being systematic, so we begin the study of its mechanism with an acquaintance with the basic provisions of systems theory. In accordance with it, any system has a number of basic features.

Firstly, as already mentioned, it is a set of elements, or separate parts, selected according to one or another principle, which are its structure-forming factors and play the role of subsystems. The latter, although relatively independent, interact in various ways within the system; in its simplest form, by being near and adjacent to each other; more complex forms of interaction are conditionality (the generation of one element by another) and the mutual influence exerted by them on each other. To preserve the system, such interaction must be harmonious.

As a result of the interaction, the elements and form system-wide qualities, that is, signs characteristic of the system as a whole and each of them separately (for example, the human body as a whole and each of its organs carry out metabolic processes, have nerve cells, are constantly updated, etc.

The properties of elements (subsystems) determine the place of the latter in the internal organization of the system and are implemented in their functions. This is manifested in a certain influence on other elements or objects that are outside the system and are capable of perceiving, transforming and changing this influence in accordance with it.

Secondly, the system has boundaries separating it from environment. These boundaries can be "transparent", allowing penetration into the system of external influences, and "opaque", tightly separating it from the rest of the world. Systems that carry out a free two-way exchange of energy, matter, information with the environment are called open; otherwise, we speak of closed systems that function relatively independent of the environment.

If the system does not receive resources from the outside at all, it tends to decay (entropy) and ceases to exist (for example, a clock stops if it is not started).

Open systems that independently draw the resources they need from the external environment and transform them to meet their needs are, in principle, inexhaustible. At the same time, insufficient, or vice versa, excessively active exchange with the environment can destroy the system (due to lack of resources or inability to assimilate them due to excessive quantity and diversity). Therefore, the system must be in a state of internal equilibrium and balance with the environment. This ensures its optimal adaptation to it and successful development.

Open systems strive for constant change through specialization, differentiation, integration of elements. This leads to the complication of relations, the improvement of the system itself, allows achieving goals in many ways (for closed ones, only one is possible), but requires additional resources.

Thirdly, each system has a certain structure, that is, an ordered set of interrelated elements (sometimes in everyday life the concept of structure is used as a synonym for the concept of organization).

Orderliness gives the system an internal organization, within which the interaction of elements is subject to certain principles, laws. Systems where such organization is minimal are called disordered, for example, a crowd on the street. The structure may, to one degree or another, depend on the characteristics of the elements themselves (for example, relationships in purely female, male, children's or mixed teams are not the same).

Fourth, in each system there is a certain explicit system-forming relation or quality, which, to one degree or another, manifests itself in all the others, ensures their unity and integrity. If it is determined by the nature of the system, then it is called internal, otherwise - external. At the same time, internal relations can spread to other systems (for example, through imitation, borrowing experience). The possibility of realizing the relations and properties of the system exclusively on this basis (substrate) makes it unique. In social systems, in addition to an explicit system-forming relationship, there may be implicit ones.

Fifth, each system has certain properties. The multi-qualitative nature of the system is a consequence of the infinity of connections and relationships that exist at its various levels. Qualities are manifested in relation to other objects, moreover, differently. For example, the same person in the role of leader may yell at subordinates and fawn over his immediate superior. The qualities of the system to a certain extent affect the quality of the elements included in them, transform them. The ability to achieve this characterizes the strength of the system.

At sixth, the system is characterized by emergence, that is, the emergence of qualitatively new properties that are absent from its elements, or not characteristic of them. Thus, the properties of the whole are not equal to the sum of the properties of the parts, although they depend on them, and the elements united in the system may lose the properties inherent in them outside the system, or acquire new ones.

non-identitythe sum of the qualities of the elements of the qualities of the system as a whole is due to the presence of a structure, therefore structural transformations lead to qualitative ones, but the latter can also occur due to quantitative changes. Thus, a system can change qualitatively without changing its structure, and within the same quantitative composition, several qualitative states can exist.

Seventh, the system has feedback, which is understood as a certain reaction of it as a whole or of individual elements to each other's impulses and external influences.

Graphene- the thinnest material known to mankind, only one carbon atom thick. It entered physics textbooks and our reality in 2004, when researchers from the University of Manchester, Andre Game and Konstantin Novoselov, managed to obtain it using ordinary tape to sequentially separate layers from ordinary crystalline graphite, familiar to us in the form of a pencil rod.

The popularity of graphene among researchers and engineers is growing day by day because it has unusual optical, electrical, mechanical and thermal properties. Many experts predict in the near future a possible replacement of silicon transistors with more economical and high-speed graphene ones.

Graphite- mineral, the most common and stable in earth's crust carbon modification. The structure is layered. Fireproof, electrically conductive, chemically resistant. It is used in the production of melting crucibles, in foundry, in the manufacture of electrodes, alkaline batteries, pencils, etc. Pure artificial graphite blocks are used in nuclear technology, as a coating for rocket engine nozzles, etc.

Diamond is crystalline carbon. Carbon exists in several solid allotropic modifications, i.e. in different forms with different physical properties. Diamond is one of the modifications of carbon and the hardest known substance (hardness 10 on the Mohs scale).

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"Development of a lesson in informatics"

Development of a lesson in informatics

Grade: 9

Edukova M.V.

Lesson topic: The world around us hierarchical system.

Lesson Objectives:

Educational - to learn the concepts of "system", "hierarchy", to realize that the world around us is a hierarchical system in which all elements are interconnected.

Educational - to form communication skills, the ability to work in a group, cooperation.

Developing - to form the ability to build cause-and-effect relationships, to argue your point of view.

Lesson equipment:

PC, projector

Interactive board.

Maps with texts for analysis.

Image slides.

Video "From the Big Bang to the present day in 90 seconds."

Techniques used in the lesson:

1. "Thick" and "thin" questions.

2. Critical thinking- "Insert" method.

3. Problem-search method.

4. Sincwine.

Interdisciplinary connections: astronomy, chemistry, social science.

Lesson structure:

Organizing time.

goal setting. The film “The History of the Creation of the World in 90 Seconds” (Appendix No. 1) is played on the screen. Question: What are we going to talk about today? What is the topic of the lesson? (about evolution, about the world, about the development of the Universe). What would you like to learn in class? What interesting, new things do you want to take with you today?

Actualization of knowledge, UUD at the beginning of the lesson.

On the interactive concept board (Appendix 2):

Pair work: each student needs to make 3 sentences, using any of these words, read to a neighbor on the desk.

Frontal work: by dragging on the interactive board, line up all these words in a diagram.

Questions: Why did you build the circuit this way? What do you think should be at the top, at the bottom of the diagram?

Discussion, rearrangement of elements.

Primary perception of theoretical educational material.

Write definition:

Hierarchy - the order of subordination of the lower links to the higher ones, their organization into a structure like "wood» .

Divide students into groups. Those born in the spring - the 1st group, in the summer - the 2nd, in the fall - the 3rd, in the winter - the 4th.

Tasks for groups:

Give examples of submission:

2. in the state

   in wildlife

5. Updating knowledge:

Image slide (Appendix 2): car engine, solar system, human circulatory system, system of equations.

Answer the questions: What do the pictures have in common? (consist of elements), What are the names of objects that consist of other objects? (systems) What happens if at least 1 element is removed from the system? (will not function).

Conclusion: in the system all elements are interconnected.

Reception "insert".

Children are given a text (Appendix 3). While reading the text, it is necessary to make notes in the margins, and after reading the text, fill in the table, where the icons will become the headings of the table columns: “V” - already knew; "+" - new; "-" - thought differently; "?" - I do not understand, there are questions.

Text discussion. Are graphite, graphene and diamond systems? (Yes, since crystal lattices are made up of many elements.) The constituent elements are the same (carbon atoms), why are the substances different? (arranged differently in the lattice, graphite is layered, graphene is from one layer).

Conclusion: systems of the same elements can be different.

On the slide are the names of all the students in the class.

There are formal (business) and informal (friendly) ties between you.

Formal learning-related communications connect you all into a single class team, while informal groups form spontaneously, uniting people according to interests and common personality traits.

Draw with arrows on the interactive whiteboard (Appendix 2) informal connections between you. (children go out, find their name, show connections with friends on the graph with one-sided or two-sided arrows)

Conclusion: elements in systems can be related in different ways.

Let us formulate the properties of the systems.

integrity

relationship between elements

connection with the environment

organization, etc.

Look around, what do you see around? (people, furniture, trees outside the window). What you can't see but is around you? (microorganisms, atoms, molecules, planet Earth, other planets, galaxies). So we are in different worlds?

The world, consisting of objects comparable in size to a person, is - macroworld. Megaworld- consists of huge, in comparison with a person, objects - planets, stars, galaxies. The smallest organisms invisible to the eye, viruses, molecules of substances - it is a microcosm.

Problem questions:

how to weigh a molecule (1 option)

how to weigh the planet? (Option 2)

The most unexpected and non-standard decisions are made.

6. Reflection.

Compose a syncwine for the word "system"

(for example:

whole, organized

functioning, collapsing, interacting

Our world is a hierarchical system.

Micro, macro and mega world. We live in the macrocosm, i.e. in a world that consists of objects comparable in size to a person. Usually, macroobjects are divided into inanimate (stone, ice floe, log, etc.), living (plants, animals, the person himself) and artificial (buildings, means of transport, machine tools and mechanisms, computers, etc.).

Macro-objects consist of molecules and atoms, which in turn consist of elementary particles, the dimensions of which are extremely small. This world is called the microworld.

We live on the planet Earth, which is part of the solar system, the Sun, along with hundreds of millions of other stars, forms our Milky Way galaxy, and billions of galaxies form the Universe. All these objects are of enormous size and form a mega world.

The whole variety of objects of the mega-, macro- and microworld consists of matter, while all material objects interact with each other and therefore have energy. A body raised above the earth's surface has mechanical energy, a heated kettle has thermal energy, a charged conductor has electrical energy, and the nuclei of atoms have atomic energy.

The surrounding world can be represented as a hierarchical series of objects: elementary particles, atoms, molecules, macrobodies, stars and galaxies. At the same time, at the levels of molecules and macrobodies, a branch is formed in this hierarchical series - another series associated with living nature.

In wildlife, there is also a hierarchy: unicellular - plants and animals - animal populations.

The pinnacle of the evolution of life on Earth is a person who cannot live outside of society.

Each person individually and society as a whole study the world around them and accumulate knowledge, on the basis of which artificial objects are created.

Rice. 12.1.

Systems and elements. Each object is composed of other objects, i.e. is a system. On the other hand, each object can be included as an element in a system of a higher structural level. Whether an object is a system or an element of the system depends on the point of view (research objectives).

The system consists of objects, which are called elements of the system.

For example, a hydrogen atom can be considered as a system, since it consists of a positively charged proton and a negatively charged electron.

On the other hand, a hydrogen atom enters a water molecule, i.e. is an element of a system of a higher structural level.

Rice. 12.2.

System integrity. A necessary condition for the existence of the system is its holistic functioning. The system is not a set of individual objects, but a collection of interrelated elements.

The interconnection of elements in systems can have a different nature. In inanimate nature, the interconnection of elements is carried out with the help of physical interactions:

• ? in the systems of the mega world (for example, in the solar system), the elements interact with each other by the forces of universal gravitation;
• ? macrobodies there is an electromagnetic interaction between atoms;
• ? atoms elementary particles are connected by nuclear and electromagnetic interactions.

In wildlife, the integrity of organisms is ensured by chemical interactions between cells, in society - by social ties and relationships between people, in technology - by functional connections between devices, etc.

For example, if you put together a bunch of devices that are part of a computer (monitor, case, motherboard, processor, RAM modules, hard drive, keyboard and mouse), then they do not form a system. Computer, i.e. a holistically functioning system is formed only after the devices are physically connected to each other, the power is turned on and the operating system is loaded.

If at least one element is removed from the system, then it may cease to function. So, if you remove one of the computer's devices (for example, the processor), the computer will fail, i.e. cease to exist as a system.

Rice. 12.3.

System properties. Each system has certain properties, which, first of all, depend on the set of its constituent elements. Thus, the properties of chemical elements depend on the structure of their atoms.

The hydrogen atom consists of two elementary particles (proton and electron), and the corresponding chemical element is a gas.

The lithium atom is made up of three protons, four neutrons and three electrons, and the corresponding chemical element is an alkali metal.

Rice. 12.4.

The properties of the system also depend on the structure of the system, i.e. on the type of relationships and connections between the elements of the system. If systems consist of the same elements, but have different structures, then their properties can differ significantly. For example, diamond, graphite, and carbon nanotubes are made up of the same atoms (carbon atoms), but the way the atoms bond (crystal lattices) differs significantly.

In the crystal lattice of diamond, the interaction between atoms is very strong in all directions, so it is the hardest substance on the planet and exists in the form of crystals.

In the crystal lattice of graphite, atoms are arranged in layers, between which the interaction is weak, so it easily crumbles and is used in pencil leads.

A carbon nanotube is a plane of the graphite crystal lattice rolled into a cylinder. Nanotubes are very tensile (although they have a wall thickness of one carbon atom). A thread made of nanotubes, as thick as a human hair, can hold a load of hundreds of kilograms. The electrical properties of nanotubes can change, making them one of the main materials of nanoelectronics.

Rice. 12.5.

Control questions and tasks

• 1. Give examples of systems in the world.
• 2. Do the devices that make up a computer form a system: before assembly? After assembly? After turning on the computer?
• 3. What do the properties of the system depend on? Give examples of systems consisting of the same elements, but with different properties.