What is an adverb in Russian, what questions does it answer? How is an adverb emphasized in a sentence? How do adverbs differ from other parts of speech and adjectives? Adjective or Adverb: Usage Difficulties Adverb or adjective.

This is the second part of the lesson on the difference between adjectives and participles. Wait, you haven't watched the first one yet?! Then I'll wait, here now there will be a link to the previous lesson, I can pause for now ..
Looked? Okay, now let's continue.
How else can you recognize that we have an adverb?

While adjectives can have an incredible variety of suffixes: ous (glamorous), ful (careful), y (heavy) and many, many more; then most adverbs are formed from the adjectives themselves using the LY suffix: glamorous - glamorously, careful - carefully (note that l is doubled for a reason, but because here one suffix (ful) ends in L, and the other (ly) in L begins, heavy - heavy (usually when adding a suffix, y is replaced by i)
Do not forget also that good is an exception, and the adverb “good” will be “well”
But even here it is not so simple, unfortunately. Some words that end in ly are adjectives, for example:
Friendly, lovely, lonely, silly.
What to do? Check the dictionary - it will not let you down.

We also need to remember that with the verbs be to be /look to look/feel to feel/sound to sound /taste to taste, when they are used in their direct meaning, we use the adjective and its place after the verb - be/look/feel/sound/ taste+adjective.

She beautiful looked - She looked beautiful.
In Russian, we use the adverb in such cases! Be careful, the rules of the English language require an adjective.

I am good - I'm good / I'm fine.
That sounds great! - That sounds great!

That's not all. There are three exceptions where many, many people make mistakes:
Late-hard-fast
These three words are both adverbs and adjectives. They don't change shape. That is, you can understand what we are dealing with by their position in the sentence:
She came late - She came late. After the verb, there is an adverb.
Excuse my late arrival. “Excuse my late arrival. – before a noun late is an adjective.
He is a fast (adj) driver
He drives fast (adv.). he drives fast
My mom is a hard (adj) worker
My mom works hard (adv.). my mom works hard

You can add the suffix LY to the words late and hard and get adverbs, but then their meaning will be different:
lately - lately
I have been getting tired a lot lately - I've been getting very tired lately.

That's all for today. Let's recap what we've been through today.
1. Adjectives and participles have their own suffixes, by which you can guess which part of speech is in front of you. But don't rely on suffixes alone! They can also let you down, as with the words friendly, lovely, lonely and silly, which are adjectives.
2. After the verbs be/look/feel/sound/taste, when they are used in their basic meaning, we use an adjective.
3. Late-hard-fast is both adjectives and adverbs, depending on the place in the sentence, adverbs lately and hardly have other meanings.

Russian language is difficult to learn, vocabulary is estimated in millions of words, some of which are adverbs. Consider what an adverb is in Russian and how it is formed.

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Description

An adverb is a part of speech that indicates a sign of an action or a circumstance in which an action is performed. In sentences, they are most often associated with a verb. They do not have gender, number, endings, case. Those formed from qualitative adjectives have a degree of comparison: quiet - quieter, deep - deeper.

Words related to this part of speech are divided into six large groups, each of which has its own questions. Adverb questions in:

• the way of action, the following questions are posed to them: “how?”, “how?”, “how exactly?”;
• measures and degrees, questions are posed to them: “how much?”, “to what extent?”, “to what extent?”, “to what extent?”;
• time, their questions: “when?”, “how long ago?”, “how long?”, “since when?”;
• places, you can ask questions: “where?”, “From where?”, “Where?”;
• reasons - “why?”, “why?”;
• goals, you can ask questions: “why?”, “for what?”, “for what purpose?”;

There are five ways of education:

• by adding a prefix to the main word - prefix,
• by adding a suffix - suffixal,
• prefix-suffix,
• word formation,
• by converting one part of speech into another.

The prefix method of formation means adding a prefix. For example: easy, not easy, weak - not weak, there - from there.

With the suffix method, a number of suffixes are added to the adjective or verb. For - these are suffixes o / e: fast - quickly, smooth - smoothly, funny - funny. The suffix “and” is added to relative adjectives: every kind - in every possible way, masculine - courageously, heroic - heroically. From verbs, they are formed using the suffixes a / ya, uch / yuchi s, added to the stem: to be silent - silently, to love - loving, to play - playfully.

With the help of the simultaneous attachment of a suffix and a prefix, the formation occurs as follows:

• the prefix “in-” plus the suffixes “-th / him-”: in a new way, in a good way;
• the prefix "po-" together with the suffixes "-i / ski-": in Russian, in Indian.
• prefixes "to-", "from-", "is-", "co-", "s-" and the suffix "-a-": askance, from afar, late, on the left.
• bases of adjectives with the addition of prefixes "in-", "on-", "for-" and the suffix "-o-": again, darkly, left, right.
• nouns and prefixes "on-", "in-", "from-", "on-", "from-" with the addition of the suffix "-y-": from below, above, in the morning.
• collective numerals using the prefixes "in-", "on-" and the suffixes "-o-", "e", "eat": three times, three times.
• ordinal numbers using the prefixes "in-", "in-" and the suffixes "-th / their-": secondly.

A method of word formation is a method in which a part of speech is formed by merging two words (in this case, using a suffix). Examples of this method are the words barely, in passing.

By moving from one part of speech to another, words are formed: home, spring, step, a little.

Kinds

By category they are classified into two large groups: definitive and circumstantial. Determinatives, denoting the way in which an action is performed, are combined in a sentence or phrase with nouns, as well as verbs and (these types can be attributed to - mode of action, measure and degree). The circumstantial ones focus on the circumstances under which the action was performed (place and time, purpose and reason). Most often they are used with the verb

relative

Relative adverbs perform the functions of allied words in a sentence. Orthographically, these are the same questions, but the lexical meaning is to reveal the main part of the sentence. For example: we do not know where Vasily Ivanovich lives.

Important! In this case, the word "where" is not a question, but a link between the main and the dependent part and indicates what exactly the speakers do not know.

Examples are word forms: where, when, why, why, from where.

quality

In the school curriculum, qualitative adverbs are not singled out as a separate group - they are part of adverbs of mode of action. They are formed from quality adjectives by adding suffixes o / e, they can be asked the question “how?”: loud, weak, cheap. They can have degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative. For example: loud-louder, weak-weaker, cheap-cheaper.

Predicative

Predicative adverbs are often used in simple impersonal sentences, performing the function of a predicate. They indicate the state: “difficult”, “quiet”, “calm”, “possible”, “impossible”, “necessary”.

Compare: “Mathematics is very difficult for me” (here the word “difficult” is connected with the verb “is given”) and “Vanya lost his family in the war. It is very difficult for him” (the word “difficult” describes the boy’s condition – this is a predicative nar.).

Use in speech

Important! The use of adverbs makes our speech richer, more expressive and more beautiful, gives the interlocutor additional information, and the speaker the opportunity to accurately describe the events. Without them, modern dialogue would be impossible. Their absence makes our speech dry, causing a feeling of understatement.

Compare two examples:

1. I finished writing and went to bed.
2. Yesterday I finished writing late and slowly went to bed.

In the second case, the interlocutor sees the picture of what happened more clearly. Tired in the evening, the author worked until late, and even more tired went to bed. In some cases, without adverbs, the existence of sentences is completely impossible. This applies to predicative species that are predicates. Thus, the sentence “It became quiet in the forest” loses its meaning if the word “quiet” is absent in it, which is a predicative adverb.

How are they different from adjectives?

Those who are fluent in Russian know how to distinguish an adverb from an adjective, because finding the differences will not be difficult at all. The adjective gives a qualitative description of the subject: sweet tea, blue sky, wooden bridge, new furniture. Syntactically, it is associated with a noun, with which it must be in the same case. The adjective name changes according to gender, cases and numbers: southern-southern, southern, southern. It has characteristic endings: -th, -th, -oh, -th, -yah, -th, -ee.

What features help to separate an adverb from an adjective:

• an indication of a certain sign, circumstance, method of performing an action;
• syntactic connection with the verb;
• lack of declension by gender, numbers and cases;
• the presence of endings: -o, -a, -i.

Short list

A complete list of words related to this part of speech cannot be fit on the scale of one article, due to the richness of the Russian language. Here is a short list of adverbs that are most often used in everyday life:

• • fast,
  • long away,
  • home,
  • yesterday,
  • delicious,
  • Nice,
  • expensive,
  • cheap,
  • hot,
  • hot,
  • cold,
  • warm,
  • early.

An adverb is a part of speech. Ranks of adverbs

Russian lessons Adverb

Conclusion

The use of adverbs in speech is necessary, since without them it is impossible to imagine communication, expression of emotions, a detailed description of ongoing events. These parts of speech have characteristic morphological, syntactic features that make it possible to distinguish them from other words.

Many English adverbs have the -ly suffix. To form an adverb, we add -ly to the adjective (slow - slowly, loud - loudly).

But there are also words in English that, although they end in -ly, are not adverbs. These are words like friendly, likely, lonely, lovely, silly, ugly and some others. Despite the -ly at the end, they are all - adjectives and describe nouns:

He is a friendly person. - He is a friendly person.

The flowers are lovely. - The flowers are cute.

His question was silly. - His question was stupid.

My grandmother is a lively person. - My grandmother is an energetic person.

If you need to use these words as adverbs to describe actions, then adding another -ly to these adjectives is not possible.

You must use the in a ... way/manner construct:

She smiled in a friendly way. She smiled kindly.

The child was dressed in a lovely manner. - The child was dressed very cute.

He giggled in a silly way. - He giggled very stupidly.

They talked in a lively manner. - They had a lively conversation.

Words like daily, weekly, monthly, yearly can be both adverbs and adjectives:

This newspaper comes out daily. This newspaper comes out daily. (Adverb)
My father is reading a daily newspaper. - My father reads a daily newspaper. (Adjective)

We pay for rent monthly. - We pay rent monthly. (Adverb)
They are waiting for our monthly payment. - They are waiting for our monthly payment. (Adjective)

We hold our meetings weekly. - We hold our meetings weekly. (Adverb)
Our weekly meeting is put off. - Our weekly meeting has been postponed. (Adjective)

The conference takes place yearly.- The conference is held annually. (Adverb)
We invited Mr. Black for our yearly conference. - We invited Mr. Black to our annual conference. (Adjective)

But this is not the only difficulty in distinguishing between adverbs and adjectives. The fact is that there are a number of adverbs that have the same form with adjectives and are similar in meaning. But some adverbs and adjectives, although they have the same form, are completely different in meaning.

Adjectives and adverbs that have the same form and are similar in meaning:

How to distinguish an adverb from an adjective? An adjective always refers to a noun and describes its attribute. Most often, adjectives come before nouns in a sentence (a fast car), or are connected by a linking verb to be:

I want to buy a fast car. - I want to buy a fast car.

My car is very fast. - My car is very fast.

Adverbs, on the other hand, describe the verb (action) and most often come after the verb in the sentence:

He drives very fast. - He drives very fast.

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Adjectives and adverbs can have similar lexical meanings. For example: easy - easy; fast - quickly; yesterday - yesterday.

However, adjectives and adverbs are independent parts of speech that perform different functions in a sentence and have different morphological characteristics. Their analysis will help to avoid difficulties in defining the concepts of "adjective" and "adverb", as well as to identify the distinctive features of each of these parts of speech.

Adjectives in Russian - this is a large group of words that denote a sign of an object in terms of quality, form, belonging to someone or other properties:

• sweet tea;
• round table;
• father's command.

In the sentence, adjectives are connected with the words they define by a coordinating connection and in the nominative case of the singular answer the questions: which? which? which? which?

The syntactic role of the agreed definition is assigned to the adjective.

Adverb is an independent indeclinable part of speech that denotes a sign of an action, a circumstance of an action or a sign of a sign:

• go light;
• sit high;
• offend inadvertently;
• very bright.

In a sentence, adverbs play the role of adverbs and are connected with the words they refer to, not grammatically, but in meaning, that is, by the connection of adjunction.

The common thing between adjectives and adverbs is that they contain a certain sign of something, but it is precisely by the nature of such a sign that these parts of speech are separated.

Adjectives in meaning have three categories:

• quality ( green, sweet, soft);
• relative ( wooden, hedgehog, material);
• possessive ( mother's, fox, matrenin).

Qualitative adjectives may have a greater or lesser severity of the attribute, so they are classified according to degrees of comparison:

• positive degree ( smart, kind, strong);
• comparative ( smarter, kinder, stronger);
• superlative degree ( the smartest, the smartest; the kindest, the kindest; strongest, strongest).

Qualitative adjectives can be used in full or short form:

cold - cold;

white - white.

Since adjectives are an inflected part of speech, they have inconstant gender features ( iron character, iron door); are declined by case and can be used in the singular and plural.

Unlike adjectives, adverbs are classified by meaning as attributive and adverbial. These main classes are subdivided into

• quality ( as? - high, cold);
• course of action (how? - quickly, together);
• measures and degrees (to what extent? how much? - very, little, twice);
• places (where? where? - left, right);
• time ( when? how long? - in the morning, always);
• the reasons ( why? - blindly);
• goals ( why? for what purpose? - out of spite).

A common morphological feature of adverbs is their immutability. However, qualitative adverbs in -o, -e can have degrees of comparison, like the adjectives from which they are formed.

Dul cold wind. With every minute he became colder. (quality adjective)

The house was cold. More on the balcony colder. (qualitative adverb)

What is the difference between an adverb and an adjective in a sentence?

In sentences, adverbs usually play the syntactic role of circumstance, while short adjectives play the role of a nominal predicate.

Examples: The book helped more full study the subject (adverb, circumstance). - Bucket full mushrooms ( short adjective, nominal predicate). Hare frightened ran away (adverb, circumstance). - the animal was frightened hunter's cry (short adjective, nominal predicate).

The peculiarity of some adverbs is such that they are often confused with the forms of short adjectives. In order to avoid mistakes, it is necessary to learn the main differences between adverbs and adjectives in a sentence. The article provides a table with examples that will help distinguish these parts of speech from each other.

How to distinguish an adverb from an adjective in speech?

In Russian, some qualitative adverbs coincide with the forms of short adjectives. A table with examples will help you easily distinguish between these parts of speech in phrases and sentences.

What is the difference between an adverb and an adjective in a sentence?

In sentences, adverbs usually play the syntactic role of circumstance, while short adjectives play the role of a nominal predicate.

Examples: The book helped more full study the subject (adverb, circumstance). - Bucket full mushrooms (short adjective, nominal predicate). Hare frightened ran away (adverb, circumstance). - the animal was frightened hunter's cry (short adjective, nominal predicate).