Impersonal offers. Topic: Preparing for the Unified State Exam

Topic: Preparing for the Unified State Exam. (Word composition. Word formation.) Simple sentence.

Goals: repeat types of simple sentences; remember the syntactic analysis of a sentence, cultivate a sense of language.

Lesson type: lesson on using zun.

Equipment: table “Sentence”, “Parsing of a simple sentence”, cards on the topic “Phrase”, s./r. “The composition of the word. Word formation" (see appendix).

During the classes.

I. Checking homework. Working with cards.

1. Students read independently composed sentences and analyze them.

2. Work using cards (3 people)

II. Vocabulary warm-up.

· Write down the words, explain the spelling.

Not visible, overshadow, swine, demarcate, trans-Japanese, super-industrialization, pre-impressionist, carapace, requiem, silhouette, lung burn, lung burn, combination, punctuation, grammar, creeping plants, due to flood, unexpectedly, newly minted, at the trot, backhand, agricultural, youth, terrorist attack, producer.

· Graphically highlight the spellings and explain the lexical meaning of the words.

I.Work on the topic of the lesson.

· Reading §70-73, 75, 76, 78.

· Drawing up a table “Types of offers”.

· Exercises 366, 369, 371 are performed orally.

IV. Repetition of the topic “One-part sentences”.

· Reading theoretical material on p. 250.

V. Consolidation.

· Complete the following tasks in your notebooks.

1. Copy the sentences, insert missing letters and punctuation marks. Determine the type of one-part sentences:

A burning frost hits your face. It’s like I hear a song from my childhood. You're walking through the forest, going through...word after word in your head, and so on...and so on. Where did they come from? And sometimes you find an explanation for a word and rejoice. I don’t immediately go to..how to tear myself away from the wonderful..pages of poetry. It’s easy and joyful... but in the soul.

2. Transform what is written, giving the depicted actions a generalized character.

I can't find a better place to relax. In the summer in the forest I am simply lost in the abundance and variety of flowers. I get so much pleasure from the poems of Pushkin, Lermontov, Nekrasov.

3. Determine the type of one-part sentences (do not write off sentences).

a) There is a dull pounding in the chest.

b) Admiringbrooding pine trees.

c) Sing, little light,don't be ashamed!

d) It is very important to live with great interests.

d) Swimming is taught here.

f) You can’t get bread by lying down.

3. Find the grammatical basis in the sentence. Determine the type of sentence by the presence of main members.

beats,clanging, shots, screams, splashing water, exploding hand grenades. (A. Tolstoy.)

· Define sentences in which the main member is the subject. Give examples.

· What stylistic role do nominative sentences play? In what style of speech are they widely used?

VI. Lesson summary.

VII. Homework.

1. Prepare for the oral examination (§70-73, 75, 76, 78). Make a plan for an oral response “Types of sentences.”

2. Exercise 372.

INDEPENDENT WORK ON THE TOPIC “COMPOSITION OF THE WORD. WORD FORMATION." (USE. TASK B1)

Algorithm of actions:compulsory reading of the sentence (sentences) in which the word is found – determining whether the word belongs to any part of speech – selecting the “closest relative” – comparing the original word with the found one – isolating the word-forming morpheme and determining the correct answer.

I.From sentence 12, write down a word formed in a prefix-suffix way.

No, the book has not become worse, it still fulfills its purpose, it just as patiently and kindly teaches a person, conveys to him the wisdom carefully collected by our ancestors.

II.From sentences 22-23, write down a word formed in a prefix-suffix way.

Many years of observations showed him that a person who never sympathized with anyone, did not empathize with anyone’s suffering, when faced with his own misfortune, turns out to be unprepared for it. He faces this test pitiful and helpless.

III.From sentences 5-8, write down a word formed in a suffixless way (using a zero suffix).

There is a crush: at the doors, at the turnstiles, at the escalators, in the underground passages. In the yellow electric light a silent human river flows and flows. By the evening you’ve seen enough, heard enough, you’re tired, you can barely walk. Again – the metro, its dungeons.

IV.From sentences 7-9, write down a word formed in a suffixless way (using a zero suffix).

If you didn't have to become what you wanted, there are two decent options. Or overcome all external and internal obstacles and try to follow the path chosen in youth. No one can promise success, but the difficulties here are enormous!

V.From sentences 27-28, write down the word that is formed by a prefix.

Unlike other types of art, literature requires not sensual, but intellectual comprehension. The reader creates images of heroes, penetrates into the subtext of the work through the work of thought.

VI.From sentences 9-11, write down a word that is formed by a prefix.

I must say that during my youthful life, the works of Alexander Greene were made almost forbidden several times. And Slava always remained faithful to romance and knew “Scarlet Sails” by heart.

“You should at least lower your collar,” I said.

VII.Determine how the word REFLECTION is formed (sentence 18).

Every person has the right to free reflection about what was, is and will be.

VIII. Indicate the way to form the word UNHINDERED (sentence 3).

Indeed, we do not value air and do not think about it while we breathe normally and unhindered.

IX.From sentences 20-21, write down the word formed by the suffix method.

He looked at us and suddenly said:

- Thanks for the gift!

X.Practical tasks:

1) Make three or four versions of task B1.

2) Construct a word-formation chain of the following words: ungroup, unknown, iridescent, crush, unchangeable, watering (of flowers), tint, snap, serious, scoop.

Impersonal sentences are one-component sentences, the main member of which names a process or state independent of the active agent (or a feature independent of its bearer). For example: Dawn; I can not sleep; It's cold outside.

The semantic basis of impersonal sentences is the absence of precisely the active figure (or the bearer of the attribute), since an indication of the doer (or the bearer of the attribute) in the sentence can still be, but in a form that does not allow a grammatical subject. Wed. examples: I sing easily and it is easy for me to sing. In the impersonal sentence I sing, there is easily an indication of the actor (me), but the form of the predicate verb does not allow the nominative case, it cannot be established by connection with other words, and the action is presented as occurring independently of the actor. About the same in the following sentences: The street is dark and It’s dark outside. In the two-part sentence The street is dark, the bearer of the attribute (street) is designated, and in the impersonal On the street it is dark the attribute appears as existing regardless of its bearer, and the attribute somewhat changes its quality: it turns into a state.

Impersonal sentences of different types were formed in different eras. According to D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky and A.M. Peshkovsky, the most ancient type are sentences with an actual impersonal verb, such as Dawn; Freezing; Fever; It's getting dark. In a very ancient era, sentences with such predicates were two-part ones like Frost freezes; The evening is getting dark: The light is dawning. Such tautological constructions in rare cases have been preserved in modern Russian (Thunder rumbles; The wind blows). The appearance of impersonal constructions is the result of the development of abstract thinking, since in them there is a distraction from a specific figure who causes or produces a certain action. The fate of impersonal sentences with a predicate expressed in the impersonal form of the verb is interesting (cf.: The hail destroyed the crops. - The crops were destroyed by hail; The wind knocked down a tree. - The wind knocked down a tree). By her own verb form does not signal impersonality here. This meaning is acquired only in combination with the instrumental case. Initially, the creative had the meaning of a tool. In modern language, as the Czech linguist R. Mrazek correctly believes, there has been a syntactic shift in the use of such an instrumental case; it has acquired the meaning of an indirect subject. Originally, these sentences had a subject with the meaning of uncertainty and a creative tool and, therefore, were two-part. Then, under the influence of constructions with impersonal verbs, they turned into monocomponent ones, which was clearly facilitated by the uncertainty of the meaning of the subject-subject, and the very meaning of the subject of action was transferred to the instrumental form with the simultaneous displacement of the former meaning of the instrument of action.

A.M. Peshkovsky connects the growth of impersonal constructions with the general trend in the language - the displacement of the name by the verb.

The grammatical types of impersonal sentences are quite diverse. Verbal impersonal sentences are the clearest in their structure and expressed meaning.

Verbal impersonal sentences comprise three groups:

1. As the main member of an impersonal sentence, an impersonal verb is used (without the suffix -sya and with the suffix -sya): it is dawning, drizzling, chilling, nauseous; not feeling well, sleeping, feeling hungry, getting dark, dozing, etc.

These verbs have the grammatical form of the third person singular, and in the past tense - the form of the neuter singular: dawn - light, chill - chill, dusk - dusk, etc. But the meaning of these verbs is such that they do not allow the use of a noun or pronoun in the nominative case.

The category of person in such verbs has a purely formal meaning, and it is a frozen form of the third person (or a neuter form), and there cannot be another. The action indicated by this form occurs independently of the actor, i.e. the semantics of such verbs is incompatible with the idea of ​​an active agent.

The general meaning of impersonal sentences of this type is determined by the meaning of the impersonal verb. They can indicate the state of nature, environment: It was freezing more than in the morning (G.); It was still a little light in the yard (T.); It was already getting dark when the troops arrived at their overnight camp (L.T.); It was powdery last night (Prishv.); It was already getting dark and cold (G. Nik.); mental or physical state of a living being: The breath has been taken away from the goiter with joy (Kr.); He was shivering and aching (L. T.); Breathed deeply (Ch.); I just wasn’t feeling well this time (Kupr.); obligation, necessity and other modal shades (this verb is most often used with an infinitive): She could talk more calmly about her fate and what she should have done (P.); He walked slowly, as befits a museum visitor (Cat.); And in order not to anger the patient, Proshka will have to stand by the window (Sim.); I once had the opportunity to stay in the Caucasus for more than three months (Prishv.); presence or absence, lack of something: We lacked you (Gr.); I miss your tenderness, you miss my care (Ship.). A constructive feature of sentences with verbs of presence or lack (enough, gets, will become) is the obligatory genitive case: I didn’t have enough courage.

2. Impersonal sentences, the main member of which is expressed by a personal verb in impersonal use, are quite common in the Russian language and diverse in structure and meaning. Personal verbs in impersonal use lose their inflectional forms and become frozen in the third person singular form or in the neuter form. Wed. personal and impersonal designs: The air becomes fresher. - It’s getting fresher outside; The wind howls. - There is a howling in the pipe; The sun warmed the earth. - It was warm at noon.

There are much more personal verbs that can be used in an impersonal meaning than actually impersonal verbs, which is why the meanings of constructions with this type of verb are so diverse and rich. They can indicate the state of nature, natural phenomena and the state of the environment: It became somewhat quiet at night (Gonch.); The snow fell less often, it became a little lighter (Leon.); It creaked, whistled and howled in the forest (Sick); It rained at night. Thundered in the distance (Shuksh.); There is a fire in the sawmill yard (Ch.); mental or physical state of living beings: My ears are blocked (Gr.); My head is still pounding (G.); It even took Pavel Vasilyevich’s breath away (M.-Sib.); Throat clenched with disgust (A.N.T.); It got dark in my eyes (L.); sensory perceptions, sensations: There was a whiff of dampness from the hut (L.); ...There was a strong, stuffy smell of ink and paints (Ch.); Small ripples quietly sparkled along the sleepy river (Lesk.); actions of a mythical, unreal force: I was not always lucky (N.); ...He was carried away to the ancient world, and he talked about the Aegina marbles (T.); action performed by an indirect subject: And the wind finally felled that tree (Kr.); The stars were shrouded in darkness (A.N.T.); Suddenly a light, unbearably white and bright, hit my eyes until I was blind (Pinch.); The whole chest was filled with a chill, filled with a feeling of joy, delight (Paust.); The burning frost burns your face. (Furm.).

3. The main member of an impersonal sentence can be expressed by a short passive participle with the suffix -n-, -en- or -t-.

The neuter form of the short passive participle conveys the meaning of the state as the result of the action taken. For example: Tushin’s battery was forgotten (L. T.); Already sent in pursuit (P.); We sat in the lithograph, where it was smoky (Ch.).

The uniqueness of participial impersonal sentences is that the main member in them combines the meaning of the action with the meaning of the resultant state: in the sentence Here the predicate is smoky, it indicates an action performed by someone (it is unknown by whom), and conveys the state of the environment revealed as a result of this action.

In cases where the participle has a modal meaning, the predicate necessarily includes the infinitive: Why was I destined to die, just as I am now destined to live? (Yu. Germ.). The adjacent infinitive in the passive participle form has either a subjective or an objective meaning; in the first case, it is included in the predicate (in sentences with an eliminated figure), in the second, it performs the function of a complement (in sentences with an indefinite figure): After a short meeting, it was decided to go back (Shol.); It was forbidden to turn on the lights at the station and in the carriages (A.N.T.).

Adverbial impersonal sentences are represented in modern Russian primarily by sentences with impersonal predicative words as the main member. These are “adverbs with the meaning of state”, etymologically related to short adjectives and some nouns, the semantic feature of which is the expression of various states: easy, fun, cozy, shameful; sorry, hunting, lack of time, time. There can be a comparative form: It’s getting warmer (Shuksh.).

The meaning of impersonality, or, more precisely, lack of subjectivity, in such sentences is found not in relation to the actor, as in verbal impersonal sentences, but in relation to the bearer of the attribute. Specifically, the meaning of an impersonal sentence is determined by the meaning of the impersonal predicative word.

Impersonal sentences with an impersonal predicative word starting with -o can denote the state of nature or the environment: The room becomes quiet (M. G.); Look, it’s late, it’s cold (L.); Dark and dull, like in a wine cellar (G.); In a birch forest it is always somehow spacious and visible far away (Sol.); It’s solemn and wonderful in heaven (L.); mental or physical state of living beings: Why is it so painful and so difficult for me? (L.); You are a little cold (T.); Hungry, wanderer, hungry (N.); I am ashamed of your congratulations, I am scared of your proud words! (Bruce.); such sentences as part of the predicate often have an adjacent infinitive: It’s good to swim along the river at night (M. G.); It would be a good thing for him not to neglect his violin (Ven.); visual or auditory perception: For a long time, neither the sound of a bell nor the sound of wheels on the flinty road was heard (L.); You can see far all around! (T.); the meaning of obligation, necessity, possibility and other modal shades are conveyed by special impersonal predicative words in combination with the infinitive: I need to go to the commandant (L.); We must live! (Bruce.); It was impossible to go (P.). (In colloquial speech there can be constructions without an infinitive, but with a dependent word form: I need to go to the city; Can I come to you?)

Impersonal sentences with impersonal predicative words that morphologically coincide with nouns (sin, shame, disgrace, horror, pity, time, time, leisure, laziness, hunting, reluctance), in combination with an infinitive, indicate an assessment of an action from the moral and ethical side: It’s a sin to laugh at old age (Gr.); emotional state of a person: And it was a pity for me to tell the truth (Fet); obligation in relation to the time of action: I had a good friend - where better to be - but sometimes we didn’t have time to talk to him (Sim.); modal-volitional shades: I would like to dance (A.N.T.). In colloquial speech, such sentences can be used without an infinitive: Hunting home.

As some researchers testify, sentences with impersonal predicative words (or in this case, subjectless adjectives) could arise on the basis of an ellipsis of the subject, which, due to generalization or uncertainty of meaning, becomes redundant. Wed: Everything is calm outside. - It's calm outside. Sentences with formal subjects this and that’s all (Wonderful! - This is wonderful!; Everything is hard for them. - It’s hard for them) combine the properties of personal and impersonal sentences.

Among impersonal (existential) sentences, a peculiar group of impersonal-genitive sentences stands out, the structural feature of which is the presence of a negative word in combination with the genitive case. For example, the negative word no, no: There is no longer any position in society, no former honor, no right to invite people to visit you (Ch.); ...There is no counting of centuries (Pinch.); There is no measure to our Poznan (Bl.); No true book has a first page. Like a forest noise, it originates God knows where... (Past.); impersonal form of the verbs to be, become, appear with negation: There wasn’t a penny, but suddenly altyn (last); A hoarse, muffled bark was heard, but not even a dog appeared (T.); There is no love without scars and sacrifices (Past.); a noun in the form of the genitive case with the negation of neither: Not a sound!.. And you see the blue vault of the sky... (N.); No letters, no news. No matter how you ask them, they forgot (Sim.); negative pronouns nothing, no one, etc.: - It seems like someone is there... - No one (Ch.).

Note. Sentences, the predicative basis of which includes a negative word, are classified by Academic Grammar-80 as two-component ones of the type No time; Not a sound; Nothing new; Not a single mistake; There is no one to work (see: Russian Grammar. T. 2. P. 336).

The semantic and stylistic possibilities of impersonal sentences of various types are unusually wide; They are especially common in fiction, which is constantly enriched with facts of spoken language. Using impersonal constructions, it is possible to describe states that are characterized by unawareness, lack of motivation (cf.: I don’t want - conscious reluctance; I don’t want - unconscious reluctance). In addition, with their help, you can give the action a special shade of lightness (it is said to me - it is easy for me to speak), and, finally, impersonal sentences are indispensable if it is necessary to highlight the action itself and its result (cf.: The hail destroyed the crops. - The hail destroyed the crops). Subtle shades of meaning conveyed by impersonal constructions contribute to their widespread use in colloquial speech and in the language of fiction. The artistic context practically does not limit the writer in the formation of impersonal sentences; lexical restrictions in the choice of forms of the predicate are removed here, and verbs that usually do not have it are used in an impersonal meaning. For example: It roared from a black height and brought snow (Bl.); So he stood alone - without anxiety. I looked at the mountains in the distance. And there - on the steep road - it was already swirling in red dust (Bl.); It flashed in the eyes. Thrown in a dream. Clung to the trembling heart (Bl.).

Impersonal offers.

Impersonal offers.

Highlight the grammatical basis of sentences. Indicate impersonal offers.

It was freezing worse than in the morning. It was freezing early in the morning. It was still a little light in the yard. It was already getting dark when the troops arrived at their overnight camp. It was powdery last night. It was already getting dark and cold. My breath stole from my throat with joy. The whole animal howled and groaned. He was shivering and aching. I was breathing deeply. I just wasn't feeling well this time. It creaked, whistled and howled in the forest. It rained at night. It thundered in the distance. The sawmill yard is on fire. My ears are blocked. My head is still pounding. The state has budgeted funds. It even took Pavel Vasilyevich’s breath away. The event captivated all spectators. My throat tightened with disgust. My vision went dark. There was a whiff of dampness coming from the hut. There was a strong, stuffy smell of ink and paint. Small ripples quietly sparkled along the sleepy river. I haven't always been lucky. He was carried away to the ancient world, and he talked about the Aegina marbles. And the wind finally knocked down that tree. The stars were shrouded in darkness. Suddenly a light, unbearably white and bright, hit my eyes until I was blind. My whole chest felt cold and filled with a feeling of joy and delight. The burning frost burns your face. The heat scorches those who come close to the stove. The Tushin battery was forgotten. Already sent in pursuit. We sat in the lithograph, where it was smoky. It's already quite dawn. I can't sleep. The smell of hay over the meadows. Gerasim was no longer in the yard. There will be a thaw. Already sent to catch up Today there is no letter from you. You're a little cold. We need to rebuild our whole life. It's time for us to go.

• The mountain roads were severely frozen.
• We had to choose between frost and fumes.
• Birds fell to the ground, killed in flight by frost.
• It became terribly cold as the rain gave way to frost.
• Then the earth lay frozen, everything around was white.
• The earth, the air, the month, the stars are chained together, riveted by frost.
• It was boring for them to lie at night on the cold, frost-bound ground.
• The oncoming wind takes your breath away and burns your face with burning frost.
• The tree, gripped by the night frost, creaked loudly above his head.
• And having sweated from such exertion, they were caught in the cold at night and fell ill.
• He smelled of frost and wine as he bent over his wife’s bed.
• Peeling off the frost-bound boards with steps, someone walked large across the porch.
• Its rapid current competed with the frost, and only in quiet backwaters did the ice remain.
• A police officer, defying the cold, stood at the entrance, his uniform shining.
• The snow began to fall thicker, but the wind blew it away from the road, which had previously been tightly bound by frost.
• Their paws turned pink in the water, orange-red, like autumn leaves lit by frost.
• They lurked in the brightness near an abandoned collapsed well, inhaling air thinned by frost.
• Despite the failure of the uprising, my father arrived excited, overwhelmed by the Moscow frost.
• Only he became haggard, and his eyes, as if gripped from the inside by frost, became colder and harder.
• A night with a frost of thirty degrees passed over the battlefield, and such a night without a fire is deadly.

Impersonal sentences are one-part sentences, the main member of which does not allow the designation of the subject of action in the form of the nominative case and names a process or state regardless of the active figure.

Grammatical subject in such sentences there cannot be by their very structure, since the form of the predicate does not contain the meaning of the person expressed by the form of the nominative case, it cannot be established by connections with other members of the sentence.

If in an indefinite-personal or generalized-personal sentence the subject is not indicated, but is thought (indefinitely or generally), then in an impersonal sentence it is not present at all. This is the essence of these sentences, in them “the subject is eliminated not only from speech, but also from thought.”

Impersonal sentences of different types were formed in different eras. According to D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky and A.M. Peshkovsky, the most ancient type are sentences with an actual impersonal verb, such as Dawn; Freezing; Fever; It's getting dark. Apparently, in a very ancient era, sentences with such predicates were two-part, such as Frost is freezing, The evening is getting dark. The light is dawning. Such tautological constructions in rare cases have been preserved in the modern Russian language (thunder thunders, the wind blows. The formation of impersonal constructions is the result of abstract thinking, since in them there is an abstraction from a specific figure causing or producing a certain action. Impersonal constructions are then created based on the model of this type sentences with a predicate expressed by the impersonal form of the verb (cf. The hail destroyed the crops. - The crops were destroyed by hail; The wind knocked down a tree. - A.M. Peshkovsky connects the growth of impersonal constructions with the general trend in the language - the displacement of the name by the verb).

Impersonal sentences are widespread in fiction, which is constantly enriched by facts of spoken language. The use of impersonal constructions allows us to describe states characterized by unawareness, lack of motivation (cf.: I don’t want - conscious reluctance; I don’t want - unconscious reluctance), give the action a special shade of lightness (it’s said to me - it’s easy for me to speak) and, finally, highlight the action itself, if necessary or the state of not being related to any figure. All this contributes to the wide spread of impersonal constructions in colloquial speech and in the language of fiction.

The main member of an impersonal sentence can be expressed: 1) an impersonal verb, 2) a personal verb in an impersonal meaning, 3) an impersonal predicative word (with or without an infinitive), 4) a short passive participle in the neuter form, 5) a negative word or a construction expressing negation.

In terms of their structure, impersonal sentences can be different:

a) the main member does not require additional words: It’s getting dark; It's dawn; Freezing;

b) the main member requires an addition in the genitive case: It was not possible to go; There was no noise; The products will not last long;

c) the main member requires an addition in the dative case (if necessary, indicate the subject): I’m not feeling well; He couldn't sit at home;

d) the main member requires an addition in the instrumental case: There was a whiff of dampness; It felt cold;

e) the main member requires a direct object: The dam blew up; The Tarantas was pushed.

1. Impersonal verbs in the role of the main member of the impersonal sentence is dawning, freezing, getting evening, drizzling, chilling, feeling sick, feeling unwell, sleeping, wanting, getting dark, dozing, etc. have a form that coincides with the form of the 3rd person singular, and in the past time - with the neuter singular form (it was dawning, it was chilling, it was getting dark, it was getting dark, it was unwell, etc.). But the meaning of these verbs is such that they do not allow the use of a noun or pronoun in the nominative case.

The general meaning of impersonal sentences of this type is determined by the meaning of the impersonal verb. They can indicate the state of nature and the environment: It was freezing more than in the morning (G.); It was still a little light in the yard (T.); It was already getting dark when the troops arrived at their overnight camp (L.T.); It’s getting very late (M.G.); It's getting dark. Blue spring looks out the window (Prishv.); mental or physical state of a living being: The breath has been taken away from the goiter with joy (Kr.); My heart sank (T.); He was shivering and aching (L. T.); I just wasn’t feeling well this time (Kupr.); He was feverish (Virta); And it’s easy to breathe in the hall (Sim.); obligation, necessity and other modal shades (this verb is most often used with an infinitive): She could talk more calmly about her fate and what she should have done (P.); For some reason he felt that he was not speaking as he should (L. T.); He walked slowly, as befits a museum visitor (Cat.); And in order not to anger the patient, Proshka will have to stand by the window (Sim.).

2. Impersonal sentences, the main member of which is expressed by a personal verb in an impersonal meaning, are quite common in the Russian language and are diverse in structure and meaning. Personal verbs in impersonal use lose their inflectional forms and become frozen in the 3rd person singular form or in the neuter past tense form. Wed. personal and impersonal designs: The air becomes fresher. - It’s getting fresher outside; The wind howls. - There is a howling in the pipe; The sun warmed the earth. - It was warm at noon.

There are much more personal verbs that can be used in an impersonal meaning than actually impersonal verbs, which is why the meanings of constructions with this type of verb are so diverse and rich. They can denote natural phenomena, natural phenomena and the state of the environment: It became somewhat quiet at night (Gonch.); The whole sky has been laid up (N. Ost.); The snow fell less often, it became a little lighter (Leon.); There is a fire in the sawmill yard (Ch.); mental and physical state of living beings: My ears are blocked (Gr.); My head is still pounding (G.); The priest even had a light in his eyes (S.-Shch.); It even took Pavel Vasilyevich’s breath away (M.-S.); It got dark in my eyes (L.); And the day is fresh, but the bones ache (Sim.); sensory perceptions, sensations: There was a whiff of dampness from the hut (L.); ...There was a strong, stuffy smell of ink and paints (Ch.); Small ripples quietly sparkled along the sleepy river (Lesk.); phenomena attributed to fate, or the actions of an unreal force: It happens that mine is luckier (Gr.); I haven't been lucky forever (N.); ...He was carried away to the ancient world, and he talked about the Aegina marbles (T.); I was inspired to go there; the action of an unknown force through some instrument: And the wind finally felled that tree (Kr.); The stars were shrouded in darkness (A.N.T.); Suddenly a light, unbearably white and bright, hit my eyes until I was blind (Pinch.); ...I’m waiting for it to become overgrown or covered with silt (Ch.); In the garden at night, the wind knocked down all the apples and broke one old plum (Ch.); The whole chest was filled with cold, filled with a feeling of joy, delight (Ch.); Burning frost scorches the face (Furm.).

3. Impersonal sentences are also quite common, the main member of which is expressed by an impersonal predicative word. Some of these words act as a main member only when combined with an infinitive. The meaning of an impersonal sentence is determined by the meaning of the impersonal predicative word.

Impersonal sentences with an impersonal predicative word starting with -o can denote the state of nature or the environment: The room becomes quiet (M. G.); Look, it’s late, it’s cold (L.); It’s solemn and wonderful in heaven (L.); It was dark in our house on Bolshaya Dvoryanskaya (Ch.); mental or physical state of living beings: Why is it so painful and so difficult for me? (L..); You are a little cold, you cover your face with the collar of your overcoat (T.); His head began to spin; and it became bad with him (L. T.); Hungry, wanderer, hungry (N.); I am ashamed of your congratulations, I am scared of your proud words! (Bruce.); the meaning of obligation, necessity, possibility and other modal shades: In this case, you can turn your head at the moment (Shol.); We must live! (Bruce.); He felt sick, had a headache, and was unable to travel (P.); What do you want, old man? (P.); visual or auditory perception: For a long time, neither the sound of a bell nor the sound of wheels on the flinty road was heard (L.); You can see far all around! (T.); Meanwhile, night comes; twenty steps away you can no longer see (T.).

Note. Impersonal predicative words of this group are often used with an infinitive, for example: It’s hard for me to breathe; It is a shame to listen to these speeches; Smoking is bad for you. Such sentences, when the word order is changed, may lose the impersonal meaning. The infinitive in preposition (especially followed by a long pause) easily acquires the function of the subject, for example: Breathing is difficult; Listening to these speeches is a shame; Smoking is harmful.

The same is observed in sentences with some words containing a modal meaning (necessary, impossible). Wed: It was impossible to go. - It’s impossible to go.

Impersonal sentences with impersonal predicative words that morphologically coincide with nouns (sin, shame, disgrace, horror, pity, time, lack of leisure, laziness, hunting, reluctance), in combination with an infinitive, indicate an assessment of the action from the moral and ethical side: Over old age laughing is a sin (Gr.); emotional state of a person: And it was a pity for me to tell the truth (Fet); obligation in relation to the time of action: I had a good friend - it would be much better to be - but sometimes I didn’t have time to talk to him (Sim.); modal-volitional shades: I would like to dance (A.N.T.).

4. The main member of an impersonal sentence can be expressed by a short passive participle with the suffixes -n-, -en; -T-.

The neuter form of the short passive participle conveys the meaning of the state as the result of the action taken. For example: Tushin’s battery was forgotten (L. T.); Already sent in pursuit (P.); We sat in the lithograph, where it was smoky (Ch.).

As part of the main member of short communion there may be an infinitive that names a specific action. For example: Parsley was ordered to stay at home (G.); Today it is forbidden to bite (Ch.).

5. In an impersonal sentence, the main structural element may be a negative word or a construction expressing negation. For example, the negative word no, no: There is no longer any position in society, no former honor, no right to invite people to visit you (Ch.); ...There's no counting of centuries (Pinch.); There is no rye, no path (Pinch.); impersonal form of the verbs to be, to become with negation: There wasn’t a penny, but suddenly altyn (last); There was no strength to bear it; Several days have passed since he passed away; a noun in the form of the genitive case with the negation of neither: Not a sound!.. And you see the blue vault of the sky... (N.); No letters, no news. No matter how you ask them, they forgot (Sim.); negative pronouns nothing, no one, etc.: It seems like someone is there... - No one (Ch.).