age physiology. Presentation, report age physiology Periods of extrauterine development of the human body

age periodization. age periodization. Over 90 centenarians. 75-90 old age. 60-75 old age. 35-60 2nd period of mature age. 21-35 1st period of adulthood. 17-21 late youth. 15-17 early youth. 11-15 adolescence. 7-11 junior school age. 3-7 preschool age. 1-3 early age. 0-1 infancy. Age periods differ in relativity, conventionality, averageness, but each individual person takes his place. During the transition from one stage to another, psychological crises of development may arise - special periods of ontogeny, characterized by psychological changes. The form, duration, and severity of the course of crises are individual. The essence of development is the fundamental difference between development and other changes - the presence of not only quantitative, but also qualitative changes, the emergence of neoplasms - new mechanisms.

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Branches of psychology

"Existential psychology" - Existential psychology. Origins. Guilt. Martin Heidegger. Existentialist declamation. Soren Kierkegaard. Definition. Existential psychotherapy in Russia. Jean-Paul Sartre. Rollo May. Understanding time. Human understanding. Existential analysis. Edmund Husserl. Regular educational projects.

"The subject of developmental psychology" - XIX century. The main directions of efforts to activate the speech of the child. The emergence of new activities. The social situation of development in the period of maturity. The main lines of influence of the game on the development of the psyche. Addiction. The social situation of personality development in youth. Only in the 16th-17th centuries did special children's clothing appear.

"Legal psychology" - Signs of criminal behavior. Stress: types, phases and recommendations for self-regulation. professional deformation. Psychological features of the inspection of the scene. Communication in the professional activities of a lawyer. Model of the communicative process. Interdisciplinary connections of legal psychology. The structure of the conclusion of a forensic psychological examination.

"Engineering psychology" - Diagnostic tasks. Engineering psychology is associated with related fields of knowledge. Ergonomics. Development prospects. Object, subject and tasks of engineering psychology. Methodological principles. Stages of development. operational tasks. Tasks of engineering psychology. Ergonomics object system. Psychodiagnostic methods.

"Special psychology" - Tiflopsychology. Deviations in development are very different. Introduction to special psychology and pedagogy. Based on the data of special psychology, a training system is being built. The number of children and adolescents is increasing all over the world. Researchers. Tasks of special psychology. Various approaches to the classification and characteristics of the contingent.

Purpose: to introduce students to the periodization of human life, to summarize the material on the influence of various factors on growth, development, aging; from the actual material to derive patterns of age-related changes.

Equipment: reproductions of paintings by Da Vinci “Madonna Litta”, J-B. Grez “Girl in Grey”, V.E. Makovsky “Girl in Ukrainian costume”, V.E. Yaroshenko “Cursist”, V.G. Perov “Boy preparing for a fight”, V.I. Surikov “Siberian beauty”, V.A. Serov “Girl illuminated by the sun”, I.N. Kramskoy “Portrait of I.I. Shishkina”, I.N. Kramskoy “Portrait of I.A. Goncharova”, I.N. Kramskoy “Peasant with a bridle”, V.G. Perov “Old parents at the grave of their son”; graphs, tables of age-related changes.

The board lists the different categories of ages.

Teacher: Today we will get acquainted with the features of postembryonic human development. In everyday life and in literature, we often encounter concepts: the age of milk teeth, one-year-old, age of marriage, the age of a preschooler, the age of majority, the age of the “why-why”, the age of the voter, the age of complete ossification, the age of Christ.

What groups can be distinguished in this list, on what basis to classify? (concepts that determine the biological age, psychological, social). The concept of "age" means:

1. calendar age - life expectancy;
2. biological - the age of development, maturation, aging, is determined by the totality of metabolic, structural, regulatory processes;
3. psychological - the level of development of mental functions (thinking, speech, etc.) in comparison with the average statistical norms;
4. social is determined by a set of social roles.

Setting goals and objectives of the lesson:

Today we will generalize knowledge about the regulatory mechanisms of growth, development, aging, establish the patterns of age-related changes, and establish the relationship of different age-related concepts.

Organization of work in groups. Each group receives a set of reproductions, texts on age periodization, excerpts from literary works and scientific articles, and a package of tasks.

Based on the materials offered to you, formulate which factor affects growth, development, aging, argue your theses with facts.

For normal growth of the skeleton, a sufficient amount of thyroid hormones is necessary, they affect the growth and development of the sex glands. Thyroxine is necessary for the differentiation of nerve cells, increasing the tone of the reticular formation, thyroid hormones have an activating effect on the cerebral cortex. With a deficiency, dwarfism, cretinism develops. Lack of hormonal thyroid glands causes a violation of bones, hair, nails, conditioned reflex activity changes. Sex hormones of the adrenal glands are involved in the development of sexual characteristics, especially their role is great in senile and childhood. Androgens of the gonads affect the secondary sexual characteristics, the rate of closure of the epiphyseal growth zones. With insufficient secretion, bone growth slows down, body proportions are disturbed. The male sex hormone has a pronounced effect on higher nervous activity.

The growth of the body depends on heredity. Children grow most actively in spring and summer: 3-4 times faster than in winter. Specialists call the time of especially rapid growth the period of physiological traction, the first falls on 5-6 years, the second on 12-14. Nature provides a unique opportunity to grow in height only up to a certain age: girls up to 16-18 years old, boys up to 18-20. After that, the organism does not grow, as the growth zones ossify and close. With age, the reverse process is gaining momentum. Over the years, a person begins to stoop, and the bones become more porous and seem to be compressed under the weight of the body. After 50 years, growth begins to decrease by about 1 cm. in year. Good nutrition affects growth. The body stops growing , if he lacks calcium, phosphorus, trace elements: zinc, magnesium, fluorine. Lack of vitamins alters growth and development. Lack of vitamin A slows down growth, causes “night blindness”, B 1 - damage to the peripheral nerves of the extremities, B 2 - weight loss, B 6 - nervous disorders, B 12 - causes disease nervous system. E - changes in the gonads.

Text 3

At the beginning of the 20th century, a person walked 75,000 km in his life, a modern city dweller only 25,000 km. Doctors talk about a painful state of immobility. Both muscle strength and bone strength, the reliability of the immune response, metabolic activity, the state of the heart, blood vessels, and lungs depend on everyday loads. Due to the decrease in muscle mass, the capacity of the entire vascular system decreases, the number of working capillaries in the heart and skeletal muscles decreases. In those who move little, calcium is washed out of the bones and teeth. Bones become brittle and brittle, teeth often have to be treated. Physical exercise is necessary for all ages, but especially in adolescence, as it allows you to overcome body imbalances.

Text 4

There are differences in life expectancy between men and women. Life expectancy is longer for women, but the health of long-term women is worse than that of men of the same age. There is, as it were, a selection of the healthiest men due to their higher mortality; women, although they achieve longevity in a relatively larger number, still have a load of past diseases. In men, atherosclerosis begins to progress early, mortality in men at the age of 40 is 7.4 times higher than in women. Sexual dimorphism also exists in many characteristics of vital activity (BP, heart function, pulmonary ventilation, hormones, proteins, lipids).

Longevity is affected by the interaction of 2 components: genetic factors and the environment. Of the possible influences of social factors, personal activity, mood, and adaptation are in the first place; from medical factors - the absence of risk factors (diabetes, hypertension); from environmental factors - place of residence, environmental influences.

Text 5

In 1920, 2 girls were found in India, who lived for several years in a wolf family. They ran only on all fours, they were very afraid of people, at night they roamed and howled like wolves. The eldest uttered the first word only after 2 years, after 3 years she tried to get on her feet, after 2 years she spoke 6 words. After 8 years, she began to hardly pronounce short, simple phrases. She spent 9 years in a missionary shelter (from 8 to 17 years old). It is believed that she would have reached the level of a 10-12 year old child by the age of 35-40. To date, more than 40 cases of capturing "wolf children" have been described. The human ability to walk on its feet, the ability to speak and accumulate knowledge, is undoubtedly an innate basis. But the corresponding nervous mechanisms are switched on only if the child communicates with adults, gradually adopts their behavior. If a critical period is missed (from several months to 2 years), then speech will not develop. The possibility of further development into a normal human personality is excluded.

Text 6

The left and right hemispheres of our brain have different functions. The left is responsible for speech, writing, counting, logical thinking, the right provides the perception of holistic images, is responsible for artistic abilities. A person is not born with functional asymmetry, it is formed from writing: exercises activate the left hemisphere. If a person remains illiterate all his life or is engaged in routine interhemispheric work, asymmetry does not develop in him. It fades and smooths out in the elderly, who cease to engage in intense mental activity. On the contrary, when a person solves a task that requires mental effort, the asymmetry increases.

Teacher: Scientists, trying to explain how human life unfolds, how genetic factors and the environment interact, proposed a model. It's called the landscape of life. Imagine a sloping terrain with hills and depressions, on which a ball is rolling - a developing organism. The terrain imposes certain restrictions on the movement of the ball as it descends. An occasional depression or hillock changes course. The model illustrates that there are natural development paths, but the environment affects the route unpredictably. Our life is a chain of continuous transformations, the onset of biological age is determined by changes in bones, teeth, and metabolic processes. To distinguish the stages, psychologists took as a basis qualitative changes associated with the ability to act not only better and faster, but most importantly in a different way. Scientists identify periods of crisis: sensitive (sensitive), when certain functions develop according to the principle “better now than later”. Critical periods have the principle: “now or never”.

Teacher: at the second stage of the lesson, you have to determine the patterns of age-related changes using graphs and tables.

Group 1. Age-related changes in heart rate (HR) and stroke volume of the heart.

Newborns have the highest heart rates and a minimum stroke volume of 2.5 cm3. In the first year of life, the stroke volume increases by 4 times, over the next 5 years by 2 times. In a 15-year-old, the heart rate corresponds to adult indicators, it is almost 2 times less than in a newborn, and the stroke volume is 20 times greater.

L. Tolstoy figuratively spoke about the pace of change: “From a 5-year-old child to me there is only one step, from a newborn to a 5-year-old - a terrible distance. From the fetus to the newborn - the abyss.

Group 2 Age-related changes in lung capacity (VC) from 20 to 80 years.

Women and men have initially different indicators. The general trend: the maximum indicators at the age of 25, a decrease after 35. After 45 years, the decrease in VC in women is more pronounced. The maximum indicators for men are 3800, for women 3000. The minimum indicators for 75 for men are 3000, for women 1800.

Group 3. Changes in some signs of a person with age. (Attachment 1)

General trends:

1) Decrease in indicators from the age of 35;

2) Periods of decline alternate with periods of relative stabilization;

3) Changes in each system have their own critical years and are not simultaneous for the organism as a whole.

For scientific texts, select literary passages and reproductions of paintings.

Group 4 Text.

Infancy (under 1 year of age)

Biological changes: overgrowth of the fontanel, maturation of the muscles of the neck and trunk, the child can hold his head, tries to sit; maturation of the muscles of the legs allow you to move independently, first crawl, then get up. At 2 months, a smile appears. Visual and auditory concentration arises, at 3 months - "cooing", at 6 - the beginning of babbling and understanding one's name, at 9 - joint game activity with adults, mastering gestural farewell, at 12 - understanding of some generalized commands. There is a formation of binocular vision (from 13 weeks to 2 years). If a child has strabismus or one eye is damaged and the defect has not been eliminated during this time, then this person will never see completely.

Early age (1-3 years).

Self-acquaintance with the environment, through trial and error, different methods of action are mastered. The child learns the symbolic properties of objects by imagining that the cube is a machine and the doll is a person. By the age of 1.5 he says 100 words, at 2 years - 300, at 3 years - 1500 words. In the second year, children learn to speak, understand the symbolic meaning of words. This is illustrated by the lines of S. Marshak:

When, having experienced the difficulties of teaching,
We start putting words together
“Water. Fire. Old man. Deer. Grass".
And we understand that they have meaning ...

The next age is called preschool childhood. The child quickly expands his abilities: he eats, dresses, learns to ride a bicycle, draw, cut with scissors. Masters the first abstractions: geometric shapes, calendar, time. Account, letters. Vocabulary - 2000 words. Asks a lot of questions. S. Marshak, describing this period, wrote:

He plagued adults with the question “why?”
He was nicknamed "the little philosopher"...

Junior school age (7-10 years old).

The whole way of life changes dramatically, permanent duties appear, the circle of contacts expands. By the beginning of training, the child develops a certain self-esteem, work manners, and skills in relationships with others. The last period of childhood proceeds smoothly, without any crises. At this age, there is a minimum of illness and psychological trauma. Friendship is born, the first betrayals shake. There are own ideas about what is “good and what is bad”.

Adolescence - transitional (12-15 years).

Puberty leads to growth and disproportion of body parts, hormonal status changes, secondary sexual characteristics are formed. Man does the work of rebuilding the soul himself. A teenager is absorbed by himself, he is tormented by fears, doubts. M. Tsvetaeva figuratively expressed this in verse.

They ring - they sing, depriving oblivion,
In my soul the words: "fifteen years"
Oh, why did I grow big?
There is no escape!…
What's ahead? What failure?
Everything is deceit and oh, everything is forbidden!
So with a sweet childhood I said goodbye crying
At fifteen.

In a short period, he turns from a child into an adult. The body, the psyche, relationships with others are changing, this does not happen at the same time. A biologically mature person can remain a child for many more years due to the state of his soul and position in society. The difficulties of adolescence are connected not only with physiology. The position of the adolescent in our culture is ambiguous. In ancient times and in surviving archaic cultures, a person who reached puberty became a full-fledged member of society. In the Masai, at the age of 15, a teenager is being prepared for the transition to a group of tribal defenders - the status of an adult. Transition - initiation is accompanied by trials. Woe to the one who gives out with a sound how much it hurts him, then he will remain an eternal child, a sub-shepherd will carry out any assignments of his peers. In the 18-19th century in Russia, a 10-year-old girl was left with the whole house, looking after small children, and a 15-year-old became a full-fledged adult worker.

Text Youth (16-20).

Physiological maturation is completed (complete ossification occurs), appearance and well-being improve. A person acquires the fullness of physical and intellectual capabilities. There is no longer any difference between the thinking of a young man and an adult. Creative abilities flourish, at this time the highest achievements in sports. But age is characterized by anxiety, a heightened need for understanding. Loneliness, jealousy, resentment is experienced very sharply. Crisis 17-18 years.

Maturity.(20-65)

A long stage between youth and aging (from 20 to 65 years) Allocate: youth (20-30) - the time of self-assertion in love, career, family, society. Pushkin A.S. wrote:

Am I about thirty years old?
So, my afternoon has come ...

Stabilization period (35-43). Everything that has been achieved is consolidated. A person knows himself and his capabilities, appreciates today. Then a critical decade comes, depressive moods arise, fatigue from boring reality, life achievements are overestimated. People are going through a mid-life crisis. Pushkin A.S. wrote:

But it's sad to think that in vain
We were given youth
What cheated on her all the time
That she deceived us
That our best wishes
That our fresh dreams
Decayed in rapid succession
Like leaves in autumn rotten.

The period ends with psychological and physical balance, when there is a departure from active work and social life.

Old age (60-75).

All biological changes occurring during this period are unpleasant. The main task is to realize your age, to accept yourself as you are. Life position changes from active to passive. After 60, people perceive the world as more dangerous and complex than when they were young. Hence the characteristic features of older people: conservatism, caution, legibility. This is the age of loss - friends, relatives, loved ones die. There is a special relationship with time. He has been lacking all his life, and now he needs to be “spent”.

Old age (after 75)

A noticeable deterioration in health, a reduction in body length, a pronounced increase in stoop, a decrease in muscle strength. The appearance of wrinkles.

A person rethinks his whole life, either accepts it as fate, or realizes that life was in vain. Figuratively in the proverb: “Old age is a bitter winter for the ignorant and a harvest time for the wise.”

Teacher: Biological processes occur involuntarily, the restructuring of the soul depends on the activity of everyone, and the change in social status is provided for by the structure of society. A person in different periods masters social roles. Age of assimilation of such roles depends on the society. In the old days in Russia, 15-year-olds were considered independent adults, at the age of 20 they became statesmen. Now 20-year-olds are considered not mature enough to lead others, to be leaders in the professional field, to start a family. Different countries set different time frames for entering school, coming of age, selectivity, and retirement. A person can biologically go through different stages, but not reach social maturity. People say: “Who is a man at the age of 10, and who is a child at the age of 40”. A person who has reached social maturity follows the norms of society, if he shares them, rebels against them, if he does not agree. And sometimes he is able to change the most unshakable rules.

Teacher: What conclusions can we draw from the lesson?

1. Age-related changes are due to various factors.
2. The pace of age-related changes is individual.
3. Age changes depend on gender.
4. Age-related changes in different organ systems do not appear simultaneously, heterochronously.
5. In the early stages of ontogeny, the rate of age-related changes is several times more intense than at other times.
6. Biological changes arise involuntarily, psychological changes depend on the activity of the individual, and the society sets the roles and framework for social changes.

Homework: find characteristics of different ages from literary sources.

Literature:

1. Bezrukikh T.T., Sonkin V.D., Farber D.A. Age physiology M.: publishing center "Academy", 2002
2. Smirnova N.S. Solovieva V.D. Biological age of a person - M .: Knowledge, 1986
3. Tolstykh L. Ages of life. Moscow: Young Guard, 1988
4. Khripkova A.G. et al. Age physiology and school hygiene-M .: Education, 1990
5. Encyclopedia for children vol. 18 Man. Part 2 - M .: Avanta, 2003

slide 1

Topic: "Age periodization of human mental development"

slide 2

Neonatal crisis 0 - 2 months
The transition from intrauterine to extrauterine lifestyle, complete dependence on an adult. Social smile as the beginning of individual mental life

slide 3

Infancy 2 months - 1 year
The social situation of development The situation of the emotional unity of the child and the adult ("we")

slide 4

:
The need for communication Basic trust in the world Differentiation of sensations and emotional states Distinguishing between close and strangers Intentional actions (grasping, getting an object) “True” imitation Objective perception Autonomous speech Walking Motivational representations. The transformation of the child into the subject of desire and action

slide 5

Key Concepts
Biological helplessness, anticipatory adult initiative, bonding, Unconditioned and conditioned reflexes, social smiling, maximally social being, animation complex, hospitalism, communication deficit, need for new experiences, preverbal communication, cooing, cooing, babble, passive and active speech, progressive and dead-end movements, simple manipulations, etc.

slide 6

Crisis 1 year
Physical separation from mother. Expanding the space available to the child. The growth of independence. Hypobulic reactions: the first acts of protest, opposing oneself to others, the so-called hypobulic reactions, in which will and affect (L.S. Vygotsky) are not differentiated, which are especially revealed when something is denied to the child (shouts, falls to the floor, pushes adults, etc.)

Slide 7

Early childhood 1-3 years
The social situation of development Child and adult (concrete, from a close environment), or "I and the other", or Child - Object-Adult. Knowledge of the world of human objects. Leading activity Tool-object (object-manipulative) Communication with an adult is situational-business, with peers - initial forms, mutual imitation.

Slide 8

Psychological neoplasms
Mastering object actions Symbolic, substituting action Object game Initial stages of visual and other types of productive activity Active speech Visual-effective thinking Personal action Consciousness "I myself" Separating myself from others and comparing myself with them

Slide 9

Key Concepts
Situational behavior, socialization, instrumental actions, correlating actions, external orienting actions, polyfunctional objects, situational speech, passive speech, scribble stage, cephalopod stage, aggressiveness, involuntary attention, involuntary memory, etc.

Slide 10

Crisis 3 years
"Seven-star symptoms of a crisis": stubbornness, negativism, obstinacy, protest rebellion, self-will, devaluation of adults, despotism, psychological separation from a close adult. "Pride in Achievement"

slide 11

Preschool childhood 3 - 7 years
Social situation of development Child and adult (social, generalized). Cognition of the world of human relations Leading activity Game (role-playing game) Communication Communication with adults: 3-5 years - extra-situational-cognitive; 5-7 years - extra-situational-personal. Communication with peers - game cooperation, empathy

slide 12

Psychological neoplasms
Imagination Visual-figurative thinking Beginnings of conceptual thinking Picture of the world New motives of behavior Subordination, hierarchy of motives Arbitrariness of behavior Primary ethical instances Self-awareness Self-assessment Practical mastery of speech, development of speech functions

slide 13

Key Concepts
egocentric thinking, egocentric speech, contextual speech, artificalism, animism, decentration of thinking, sensory development (acquisition of sensory standards), game role, game content, plot, game with rules, dramatization game, director's game, identification, etc.
The ability to replace, the symbolic function of consciousness, conditionally dynamic position, orientation to the meaning and nature of human relations, the ability to meaningfully focus on the position of another person,

Slide 14

Crisis 7 years
Loss of childish spontaneity (mannering, antics). Generalization of experiences and the emergence of inner mental life, occupation. The ability and need for social functioning, in occupying a significant social position

slide 15

Junior school age 6-7-10 years
The social situation of development The internal position of the student as a person who improves himself Leading activity Educational activity Communication Peculiarities of educational communication: the role of the teacher, the role of peers. Joint discussion of educational problems

slide 16

Psychological neoplasms
“The ability to learn” Conceptual thinking Internal action plan Reflection - intellectual and personal A new level of arbitrariness of behavior Self-control and self-assessment Orientation towards a peer group Dependence of the level of achievements on the content and organization of educational activities

Slide 17

Key Concepts
Psychological readiness for school, personal readiness, mental readiness, sense of competence, cognitive motives, motives for self-improvement, school adaptation and maladaptation, school phobia, school anxiety, academic failure, work, latency period, etc.

Slide 18

preteen crisis
"Motivational Vacuum". Crisis of self-esteem. Breaking the old system of relationships, changing the entire structure of experiences. Reflexive turnover on oneself

Slide 19

Adolescence, adolescent age 10-11-14-15 years
Social situation of development Formation of a conscious attitude towards oneself as a member of society. Favorable conditions (sensitivity) for the manifestation of individuality Adolescent group as a psychological space for the emergence of the main neoplasms of adolescents. Leading activity Intimate - personal communication of peers (D.B. Elkonin.) Communication in socially useful activities (D.I. Feldstein) Communication The desire to occupy a satisfying position in a peer group. Adolescent and adults: relationship ambivalence, the desire for independence and the need for protection and support.

Slide 20

Psychological neoplasms
The feeling of adulthood is a new level of self-consciousness The desire for self-affirmation The emergence of inner life, a great interest in the feelings and experiences of other people "I-concept" Formal-logical (reasoning) thinking Reflection

slide 21

Key Concepts
"Hormonal storm", puberty, puberty, identity, character (personality) accentuations, reference group, leadership, camaraderie code, "personal myth", "imaginary audience", adolescent egocentrism, coping strategies, conflicts, core interests

slide 22

Crisis of transition to adolescence (15-18 years old)
The formation of a person as a subject of his own development

slide 23

Youth Early - 15-17 years. Late - 17-21 years.
Social situation of development Search for one's place in a wider social community, the beginning of practical self-realization. The process of self-determination as an affective center of the social situation of development Leading activity Educational and professional activity. Professional self-determination Communication The need for informal, confidential communication with elders. Friendship. Establishing relationships with people of the opposite sex. Love

slide 24

Psychological neoplasms
Need for self-determination Readiness for personal and professional self-determination Life plans Stable self-awareness Identity Value orientations Worldview Internal position of a man or woman

Slide 25

Key Concepts
Adulthood, life tasks, social roles, model of typical life path, role mixing, identity diffusion, psychosocial moratorium, abstract thinking, philosophical reflection, awareness of one's own uniqueness, meaning of life, youthful maximalism

slide 26

Crisis of transition to adulthood (18-20 years old)
"A break from parental roots"

Slide 27

Adulthood: youth and maturity Early adulthood (youth, "entering maturity") - 20-30 years. Average adulthood (maturity) - 30-60 years
Social situation of development Taking full responsibility Leading activity Labour. The maximum realization of the essential forces of man. The range of the main areas of activity - work, family, communication - remains constant, but their ratio changes. Communication Circle of communication associated with professional activities. Development and implementation of marital and parent-child relationships

Slide 28

Psychological neoplasms
Building a life strategy Phenomenon of acme Meaningful decisions in life A new level of intellectual development (the ability to formulate problems yourself, dialectical thinking) Motherhood / fatherhood

Slide 29

Key Concepts
Adulthood, maturity, self-actualization, individuation, individualization, individual life style, acme, acmeology, career, professionalism, generativity, parenting styles, system of social roles, autobiographical method, crisis model, transition model

slide 30

Regulatory crises of maturity
The crisis of the 30th anniversary is a correction of the life plan, the creation of a more orderly structure of life both in professional activity and in the family; crisis of the 40th anniversary (mid-life crisis) - awareness of the loss of youth; doubts about the correctness of the life lived as the central problem of age; Crisis of 50 years (Crisis of the "empty nest") - Adult children leave the parental family and begin an autonomous life, the married couple loses the meaning of existence. Decreased physical attractiveness and sexual activity.

Key Concepts
Gerontology and orthobiotics - sciences of old age and proper lifestyle, retirement shock, aging strategies, active and passive aging, old age typologies, liberation from "sexual slavery", memory changes, psychological time in old age, attitude towards death, despair or happy old age.

slide 34

Crisis of individual existence
Death as the last critical event in life. Attitudes towards death

Slide 35

EXERCISE:
Topics of reports: Psychological features of adolescence. Psychological features of adolescence. Adulthood and acme. age crises. Reflection of the psychology of different ages in the works of world art. Age features in folk culture and folklore.

slide 36

Recommended literature (available in the RSSU library)
Shapovalenko, Irina Vladimirovna Age-related psychology(Psychology of development and developmental psychology): textbook. for stud. universities, education for example and special psychology / I. V. Shapovalenko; rec. : L. F. Obukhova, O. A. Karabanova. - M. : Gardariki, 2009. - 349 p. Kulagina, Irina Yurievna Developmental psychology: human development from birth to late maturity: textbook. allowance for students. higher spec. textbook institutions / I. Yu. Kulagina, V. N. Kolyutsky; rec. : V. P. Zinchenko. - 2nd ed. - M. : TC Sphere, 2008, 2009. - 464 p. : ill. 70 Developmental psychology: childhood, adolescence, youth: reader: textbook. allowance for students. universities / comp. and scientific ed. : V. S. Mukhina, A. A. Khvostov. - 7th ed., revised. and correct. - M. : Academy, 2008. - 624 p. 50 Obukhova, Lyudmila Filippovna. Developmental psychology: textbook. for stud. universities / L. F. Obukhova. - M.: Higher education: MGPPU, 2009. - 460 p. Developmental and pedagogical psychology: reader: for students. higher ped. textbook establishments / comp. : I. V. Dubrovina, A. M. Parishioners, V. V. Zatsepin. - 5th ed., erased. - M.: Academy, 2008. - 368 p. 61 Elkonin, Daniil Borisovich. Child psychology: textbook. Allowance for students. universities / D. B. Elkonin; ed.-st. B. D. Elkonin. - 5th ed., erased. - M. : Academy, 2008. - 384 p. 34MO Socio-psychological features of parent-child relationships in incomplete paternal families [Electronic resource]: author. dis. ... cand. psychol. Sciences: 19.00.05 / Noskova Marina Vladimirovna; RSSU. - M.: [b. and.], 2010. - 21 p. Questions of Psychology: Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 14: Psychology: journal // eLibrary.ru Psychological journal: journal // eLibrary.ru

Patterns of growth and development of the body

The main biogenetic law - ontogenesis is a brief repetition of phylogenesis (the history of the development of a species). To the main regularities of ontoge

Also, the main patterns of growth and development include:

Critical and sensitive periods of development

Periods of extrauterine development of the human body

Implantation. a - blastocyst before implantation; b - initial contact of the blastocyst with the decidua of the uterus, c - immersion of the blasto

Intrauterine development

Skeleton Features

Features of the skull of newborns

ossification of the skeleton

At 4–6 months, the child begins to sit up, first with the help of adults, then by himself. As this posture is mastered, kyphosis is formed in the thoracic region.

Development of the muscular system

brain development

Features of vision in newborns

Natural childhood farsightedness

Hearing features

Features of the fetal circulation

Features of the heart of an infant

Features of the child's respiratory system

Lung Development

Features of the stomach in children

Features of the endocrine glands